# Image attribution and reuse record

Research date: 7 November 2026. Source photographs and artworks retain their listed rights. These are public-domain, CC0, open-licensed or explicit-attribution-permission assets; not every image is copyright-free. No fair-use, non-commercial-only or no-derivatives-only image is included.

Generated cards resize and place the source image without retouching it. Retain the creator/institution credit and source link. Portrait adaptations under CC BY-SA should retain their corresponding BY-SA license. Full source images and rights records are supplied.

## 01. Pythagoras

- Dates: c. 570 BCE — c. 490 BCE
- Contribution: Traditional namesake; earlier Babylonian knowledge
- Credit: Rijksmuseum; Jerome David after Claude Vignon
- Image rights: [CC0](http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portret_van_Pythagoras,_RP-P-1909-1142.jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Pythagoras/
- Saved image: `source-images/Pythagoras.jpg` (960 × 1112; Wikimedia 960px rendition)
- SHA-256: `b93b25427cee3bec9877ccde8122f3d9bc83be4a04c37b12365baa7a26239683`
- Note: Later imagined likeness, not a contemporary portrait. Dates are approximate.

## 02. Gerolamo Cardano

- Dates: 24 September 1501 — 21 September 1576
- Contribution: Published Ars Magna (1545)
- Credit: Library of Congress; anonymous historical engraving
- Image rights: [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mathematician_Girolamo_Cardano,_half-length_portrait_in_oval,_facing_right,_with_text_below_LCCN92518239.jpg)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mathematician_Girolamo_Cardano,_half-length_portrait_in_oval,_facing_right,_with_text_below_LCCN92518239.jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cardan/
- Saved image: `source-images/Gerolamo-Cardano.jpg` (960 × 1301; Wikimedia 960px rendition)
- SHA-256: `1fc5f9a0cc2b8f64ff5dcc3ab4fb65108f966330f3bbd8d14e2325122e27f9bd`
- Note: Complex numbers developed through several contributors.

## 03. Rafael Bombelli

- Dates: January 1526 — 1572
- Contribution: Rules for complex arithmetic (1572)
- Credit: Rafael Bombelli, Algebra (1572); BEIC / Wikimedia Commons
- Image rights: [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bombelli_-_Algebra,_1572_-_56656.jpg)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bombelli_-_Algebra,_1572_-_56656.jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bombelli/
- Saved image: `source-images/Rafael-Bombelli.jpg` (960 × 1225; Wikimedia 960px rendition)
- SHA-256: `2e29c7651efb9ef62bf6b5367fbc893ddc493e8084aa13800476175cdf2a1c10`
- Note: BOOK TITLE PAGE, not a portrait. Exact birth/death days are not established here; 20 January 1526 is a baptism date.

## 04. John Napier

- Dates: 1550 — 4 April 1617
- Contribution: Published logarithms (1614)
- Credit: Unknown artist, 1616; Wikimedia Commons
- Image rights: [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Napier_of_Merchiston,_1616.jpg)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Napier_of_Merchiston,_1616.jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Napier/
- Saved image: `source-images/John-Napier.jpg` (960 × 1072; Wikimedia 960px rendition)
- SHA-256: `de877e794be07f4a7f83afa8206ba53fc8beda1427848c91bef38d45cc5f5c95`
- Note: Birth month and day are not reliably established.

## 05. Isaac Newton

- Dates: 4 January 1643 — 31 March 1727
- Contribution: Calculus; universal gravitation
- Credit: Godfrey Kneller, 1689; Wikimedia Commons
- Image rights: [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton,_1689_(brightened).jpg)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton,_1689_(brightened).jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton/
- Saved image: `source-images/Isaac-Newton.jpg` (2218 × 2671; original)
- SHA-256: `a40a238df1bb2accc788447c87e455f1ab5149ac202a2da06407cfbf17e17b9b`
- Note: Gregorian dates. Old Style dates: 25 December 1642 and 20 March 1727.

## 06. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

- Dates: 1 July 1646 — 14 November 1716
- Contribution: Independent co-developer of calculus
- Credit: Christoph Bernhard Francke, c. 1695; Wikimedia Commons
- Image rights: [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Christoph_Bernhard_Francke_-_Bildnis_des_Philosophen_Leibniz_(ca._1695).jpg)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Christoph_Bernhard_Francke_-_Bildnis_des_Philosophen_Leibniz_(ca._1695).jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Leibniz/
- Saved image: `source-images/Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz.jpg` (960 × 1185; Wikimedia 960px rendition)
- SHA-256: `54d072a136cf11832e06707bb316c67028c94de39f3dab89df7679d5ccccc349`
- Note: Birth date is Gregorian.

## 07. Abraham de Moivre

- Dates: 26 May 1667 — 27 November 1754
- Contribution: Early normal approximation (1733)
- Credit: Jacques-Antoine Dassier; The Metropolitan Museum of Art / CC0
- Image rights: [CC0](http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abraham_de_Moivre_MET_DP-1424-031.jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/De_Moivre/
- Saved image: `source-images/Abraham-de-Moivre.jpg` (4000 × 4000; original)
- SHA-256: `38f9531775ef26466c887b74f2033c8c6edaf0a587616bc544bf88131f61c866`
- Note: Primary figure named in the narration.

## 08. Carl Friedrich Gauss

- Dates: 30 April 1777 — 23 February 1855
- Contribution: Normal distribution: later development
- Credit: Christian Albrecht Jensen, 1840; Wikimedia Commons
- Image rights: [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Friedrich_Gauss_1840_by_Jensen.jpg)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Friedrich_Gauss_1840_by_Jensen.jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Gauss/
- Saved image: `source-images/Carl-Friedrich-Gauss.jpg` (1639 × 2088; original)
- SHA-256: `2235b51b3a439072fda0d4c163fda110d4d1b055105cae0c0891e3b5d549dcdc`
- Note: Optional supporting figure; do not replace de Moivre in the 1733 narration.

## 09. Jean le Rond d’Alembert

- Dates: 17 November 1717 — 29 October 1783
- Contribution: Vibrating string and wave equation
- Credit: French school, after Maurice Quentin de La Tour; Wikimedia Commons
- Image rights: [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Le_Rond_d%27Alembert,_by_French_school.jpg)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Le_Rond_d%27Alembert,_by_French_school.jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/DAlembert/
- Saved image: `source-images/Jean-Le-Rond-d-Alembert.jpg` (960 × 1187; Wikimedia 960px rendition)
- SHA-256: `ef85d48ead15cfce2b7eae0580b3acd167e2d43bc80e2597eeef6fe65f114de9`
- Note: The ideal wave equation developed through several contributors.

## 10. Leonhard Euler

- Dates: 15 April 1707 — 18 September 1783
- Contribution: Polyhedral relation: V - E + F = 2
- Credit: Jakob Emanuel Handmann; Kunstmuseum Basel / Wikimedia Commons
- Image rights: [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leonhard_Euler_-_Jakob_Emanuel_Handmann_(Kunstmuseum_Basel).jpg)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leonhard_Euler_-_Jakob_Emanuel_Handmann_(Kunstmuseum_Basel).jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Euler/
- Saved image: `source-images/Leonhard-Euler.jpg` (960 × 1241; Wikimedia 960px rendition)
- SHA-256: `00dc9df88fc0f03d4be8affdb338d96b5e187925aec795ea3e3a3481c0e691c7`
- Note: Dates follow the cited biography.

## 11. Joseph Fourier

- Dates: 21 March 1768 — 16 May 1830
- Contribution: Heat theory and harmonic analysis
- Credit: Julien-Leopold Boilly; restored image / Wikimedia Commons
- Image rights: [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fourier2_-_restoration1.jpg)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fourier2_-_restoration1.jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Fourier/
- Saved image: `source-images/Joseph-Fourier.jpg` (960 × 1214; Wikimedia 960px rendition)
- SHA-256: `5ecf4431bc4a850db0088964140d8ae2b26ffb2b09c5b88d46ffc912b1c960bf`
- Note: The modern Fourier transform developed beyond Fourier’s original work.

## 12. Claude-Louis Navier

- Dates: 10 February 1785 — 21 August 1836
- Contribution: Viscous fluid equations
- Credit: Historical portrait; Wikimedia Commons
- Image rights: [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Claude-Louis_Navier.jpg)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Claude-Louis_Navier.jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Navier/
- Saved image: `source-images/Claude-Louis-Navier.jpg` (231 × 303; original)
- SHA-256: `3fadf087de41f991f133939965761c53df76a9ee6535ef8fd57f1c68e61b0e42`
- Note: Low-resolution historical portrait: 231 x 303 pixels.

## 13. George Gabriel Stokes

- Dates: 13 August 1819 — 1 February 1903
- Contribution: Viscous fluid equations
- Credit: Unidentified photographer; Smithsonian Institution Libraries
- Image rights: [No restrictions](https://www.flickr.com/commons/usage/)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_George_Gabriel_Stokes_(1819-1903),_Physicist_and_Mathematician_(2551115803).jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Stokes/
- Saved image: `source-images/Sir-George-Stokes-1st-Baronet.jpg` (918 × 1464; original)
- SHA-256: `618633f5ff41fbee2ae6296fed94ce7d669c07b132df9a17cf34d5c5631f5185`
- Note: Smithsonian declares no known copyright restrictions; this is not a CC0 dedication.

## 14. James Clerk Maxwell

- Dates: 13 June 1831 — 5 November 1879
- Contribution: Electromagnetic field theory (1865)
- Credit: Unknown historical photographer; Wikimedia Commons
- Image rights: [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James-Clerk-Maxwell-1831-1879.jpg)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James-Clerk-Maxwell-1831-1879.jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Maxwell/
- Saved image: `source-images/James-Clerk-Maxwell.jpg` (819 × 1024; original)
- SHA-256: `7aa7e7ff61c76817c97ccba07bfe9fa239380a7adb34e99e59f08b001215cf25`
- Note: Unified earlier laws; familiar four-equation notation is a later form.

## 15. Rudolf Clausius

- Dates: 2 January 1822 — 24 August 1888
- Contribution: Second law and entropy
- Credit: Theodor Schafgans; Wikimedia Commons
- Image rights: [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rudolf_Clausius_01.jpg)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rudolf_Clausius_01.jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Clausius/
- Saved image: `source-images/Rudolf-Clausius.jpg` (960 × 1473; Wikimedia 960px rendition)
- SHA-256: `585c6d65ebb2c5759ae0d81269fba8d360bb34f46b8eb320115b24f90cd66204`
- Note: Primary figure in this narration; not an attribution of all thermodynamics to one person.

## 16. Albert Einstein

- Dates: 14 March 1879 — 18 April 1955
- Contribution: Mass-energy equivalence (1905)
- Credit: Oren Jack Turner, 1947; Wikimedia Commons
- Image rights: [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_Head_cleaned.jpg)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_Head_cleaned.jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Einstein/
- Saved image: `source-images/Albert-Einstein.jpg` (4530 × 5607; original)
- SHA-256: `ffe0bc85dbed297add315abcbb1c6173d4390cec7cdbbd2d0c55c6f1e2f4a6c5`
- Note: Image is a later-life portrait, photographed in 1947.

## 17. Erwin Schrödinger

- Dates: 12 August 1887 — 4 January 1961
- Contribution: Wave mechanics (1926)
- Credit: Unknown photographer; Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe
- Image rights: [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_-_Narodowe_Archiwum_Cyfrowe_(1-E-939).jpg)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_-_Narodowe_Archiwum_Cyfrowe_(1-E-939).jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Schrodinger/
- Saved image: `source-images/Erwin-Schrodinger.jpg` (2534 × 3500; original)
- SHA-256: `472c7269abd00f1f3faa47cbbc986134f4560e5a7cc1be5d8b36cda0a43c823a`
- Note: Historical archival photograph.

## 18. Claude Shannon

- Dates: 30 April 1916 — 24 February 2001
- Contribution: Information theory and entropy (1948)
- Credit: Unknown photographer; Tekniska museet / CC BY 2.0
- Image rights: [CC BY 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C.E._Shannon._Tekniska_museet_43069_(2x3_crop).jpg
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Shannon/
- Saved image: `source-images/Claude-Shannon.jpg` (960 × 1439; Wikimedia 960px rendition)
- SHA-256: `ac2002dec98bc9a1da7a31d1a8840028a41ea0d3442a80218a5dcffc02adf99b`
- Note: Attribution required under CC BY 2.0.

## 19. Edward Norton Lorenz

- Dates: 23 May 1917 — 16 April 2008
- Contribution: Deterministic chaos (1963)
- Credit: American Geophysical Union, courtesy of AIP Emilio Segre Visual Archives
- Image rights: [Attribution](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EdwardLorenz.jpg)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EdwardLorenz.jpg
- Biography: https://paocweb.mit.edu/about/paoc-spotlights/faculty-bibliographies
- Saved image: `source-images/Edward-Norton-Lorenz.jpg` (960 × 1378; Wikimedia 960px rendition)
- SHA-256: `8be8a16f2c4004f95f304060b6b8e5eac9a63759efec22c5aa8c4d932fb98694`
- Note: Do not credit Lorenz as inventor of the logistic map. AIP attribution permission permits reuse.

## 20. Robert McCredie May

- Dates: 8 January 1936 — 28 April 2020
- Contribution: Logistic-map chaos: influential 1976 exposition
- Credit: NBeale / English Wikipedia; CC BY-SA 3.0
- Image rights: [CC BY-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BobMayHarvard_(cropped2).jpg
- Biography: https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA3413
- Saved image: `source-images/Robert-May-Baron-May-of-Oxford.jpg` (375 × 500; original)
- SHA-256: `38545177c76037f3db9d302dabadebbc3ced21f5e9396331f5133f07ec40ec8f`
- Note: Optional supporting figure for the logistic-map illustration; not a claim that he invented the map.

## 21. Fischer Black

- Dates: 11 January 1938 — 30 August 1995
- Contribution: Option pricing: Black-Scholes (1973)
- Credit: Dalmatine / English Wikipedia; public-domain dedication
- Image rights: [Public domain](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fischer_Black.JPG)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fischer_Black.JPG
- Biography: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Black_Fischer/
- Saved image: `source-images/Fischer-Black.jpg` (500 × 769; Wikimedia 500px rendition)
- SHA-256: `e5a7ee0ffb8a06f5cf1cd01ef529d96fcaa026b173cb98c0b3619ef6bb6a64bd`
- Note: Author released the photograph into the public domain.

## 22. Myron Scholes

- Dates: 1 July 1941 — living
- Contribution: Option pricing: Black-Scholes (1973)
- Credit: Nobellaureatesphotographer / English Wikipedia; CC BY-SA 3.0
- Image rights: [CC BY-SA 3.0](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myron_Scholes_2008_in_Lindau.png
- Biography: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1997/scholes/biographical/
- Saved image: `source-images/Myron-Scholes.png` (500 × 700; original)
- SHA-256: `4c340e060adf39042c9e1b1fa6c163758edfa416e659163f40fb9a78de23cbd1`
- Note: Living as of the research date. Use a tribute caption, not a death memorial.

## 23. Robert C. Merton

- Dates: 31 July 1944 — living
- Contribution: Option pricing: continuous-time extension
- Credit: Massachusetts Institute of Technology / CC BY-SA 4.0
- Image rights: [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
- File source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Merton_November_2010_03(1).jpg
- Biography: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1997/merton/facts/
- Saved image: `source-images/Robert-C-Merton.jpg` (960 × 1280; Wikimedia 960px rendition)
- SHA-256: `cbaaed3581f0cdf4163ba6c38fbb222d8caea63f42e40161e58b89354bc76a8f`
- Note: Optional supporting figure. Living as of the research date.

## Card treatment and layout rights

Cardano’s preview card crops the portrait region from the preserved complete engraving page. Other card images are resized and placed without retouching. The project-created layout and text are released under CC0. Composite cards containing CC BY-SA portraits are offered under that corresponding CC BY-SA version. Source-image rights and attribution remain as listed above.